Psychology Perspectives

This demeanourist perspective is that we house agnize any type of behavior by directing at what the person has versed. Pesonality traits for example shyness, confidence, and optimism. Pavlov (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING) Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist work oning with dogs to investigate their digestive systems. The dogs tested where attached to harness, and Pavlov attached monitor to their stomachs and mouths so he could nib the rate of salvation. He noticed when the laboratory assistant came in with the food before the dog had rattling tasted the food the dog began to salivate.Pavlov speculated that the dog salivating because it had claimed to associate the laboratory assistant with the food. This is when his theory began. Food automatic eithery led to the receipt of salivation. Since salivation is an automatic response, he c onlyed this eternal response. This mover a response that regularly occurs when an un diddleed stimulant is presented. As the food automatically leads to this response, he called this an unconditioned stimulant this means a stimulus that regularly and consistently leads to an automatic (not learned) response.Pavlov then presented food at the alike time as the bell shape too see if the dog would learn to associate the bell with food. After many goes the dog learned that the bell associated with food and began to salivate when only the bell rung and no food was presented. This is called conditioned response this means a new, learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that mimics the response to unconditioned stimulus, it had learned the conditioned response of salivation to the conditioned stimulus (the bell).Conditioned stimulus means a neutral stimulus that, when paired with the unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned (learned) response, just as the unconditioned response utilize to. mule skinner (OPERANT CONDITIONING) Burrhus Frederic mule skinner, an American psychologist who worked mostly with rats and pigeons, to discover some of the key principles of learning new behaviours. He used a famous device, called a Skinner box. The box contained a leaver which, when pressed, released a food pellet into the box, this reinforcing lever-pressing behaviour.At first gear when he rat is in the box it will be running some sniffing his new surroundings, which at some point it, will press the leaver, releasing a food pellet. After a temporary hookup when the rat has repeatedly performed this action, it will learn that this behaviour (pressing the leaver) I automatically fol busteded by the release of a food pellet (the consequence). As the pellet is figured as reinforcing (something that the rat would like to take a crap much of), you called this convinced(p) reinforcement, this is happens when the consequence following a break-danceicular is take ind as desirable.Skinner then used a negative reinforcement which is when behaviour solvents in a consequence that removes something unple asant. The negative reinforcement he used was a very low electrical current on the floor of the Skinner box. The current could be de-activated if the rat pressed the lever. Social learning theory Role models argon very classical. We can learn new behaviour from anyone save we obey behaviour if we argon strongly influenced by the track we encompass the person. We can be influenced by others when we observe individual who we admire behaving in a particular way we be to a greater extent likely to imitate such behaviour.Solomon Asch, social psychologist conducted experiments to show how an individuals behaviour could be influenced and changed because they did not want to stand out from a crowd. This is known as Majority enamour we all have a powerful desire to fit in and belong. He gathered a group of 6 people together. These people were play acting according to instruction. They were joined by a nave participant and asked to take part in a visual perception test. Albert Bandur a, theory is we learn from people we argon exposed to in our environment. We learn new behaviours from people we observe, either in authorized life or in the media.This is called observational learning. The person we learn from is known as a percentage model (someone who has characteristics that inspire us to transcript their behaviour). The process of imitating is called modelling (a process of basing behaviour, attitude, and style, of speech or plume on someone we admire or would like to be. founding This is a theory of human schooling which tensenesses the interaction of biological drives with the social environment. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychologist, who developed the theory of psychodynamic psychology and the treatment known as psychoanalysis.Freud suggested that what we are aware of is represented in our conscious intellect but many of our memories, lookings and past experiences are locked up in a part of our mind which he calls unconscious. We cannot access the contents of our unconscious, but they often leak out in our dreams or maybe just slip out of our tongue. He verbalise early experiences are overly important is in later life behaviours is clearly illustrated by Freuds development theory of psychosexual several branchs 1. Oral Stage, primary source of interaction occurs through and through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important.The mouth is crucial for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from verbal stimulation through rewarding activities such as tasting and sucking because the infant is entirely pendant upon caretakers, the infant also develops a guts of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation. 2. Anal Stage, primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is stern training the child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. 3. Phallic Sta ge, primary focus of the libido is on the genitals.At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females. Freud also cerebrated that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mothers affections. 4. Latency Stage, The stage begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies and other interests. 5. Genital Stage, during the last(a) stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a persons life.He tries to explain the power of early experience and how this may influence the adult personality. Freud divided the mind (the forefront) into 3 structures, the id, the ego and the superego. According to Freud these appear at different stages of a childs development and are empowered by the libido (energy). The ID, part of the psyche we are born with, it operates on t he pleasure principle, contains all our basic instincts such as need for food, drink, warmth. The Ego, part of the mind whose function it is to moderate the demands of the id and pr takings the superego beingnessness too harsh, E. . Repression is a defence mechanism when a person forgets an event , denial is also a defence mechanism because your pushing am event or emotion out of consciousness. It operates on the reality principle. The superego, roughly equivalent to a conscience, the superego consists of an internalisation of all the values of the right and wrong we have been socialised to believe in. It also contains an image of our ideal self-importance. Erik Erikson, a psychologist who checkerd mostly with Freuds theory in so far as he conceit we developed through a series of stages.He also believed Freuds put too much emphasis on our desire for individual gratification and not enough of our need to be accepted in society and lead meaningful life. The different psychosocial stages Stage 1 (0-1 Year) This stage focuses on how the infant is parented, the positive expiration of this is it dependable, responsive, and caring parenting leads to a sense of trust. The negative issuance is parenting lacks warmth and affection or is unreconciled leads to mistrust. Stage 2 (1- 3) This stage is being enabled to do things by yourself the positive outcome is being support in growing independence leads to a sense of autonomy.The negative outcome is being criticised and over-controlled leads to a sense of smelling of doubt nearly your own competence. Stage 3 (3-6) This stage is interaction with the human race the positive is being encouraged to try out new skills and explore the world leads to a sense of initiative. The negative is being hampered in the desire to find things out. Stage 4 (6-12) This stage is to understand how things are made and how they work the positive outcome is the ability to succeed at realistic tasks leads to a sense of industry. The nega tive outcome is being published take on tasks they are not ready for leafs to a sense of inferiority.Stage 5 (12-18) This stage is developing a consistent sense of separate by experiment, the positive outcome is the experimentation leads to a secure sense of identity. The negative outcome is the inabilities to experiment and develop a sense of identify leads to role confusion and a negative identify. design Humanistic psychology looks at human experience from the viewpoint of the individual. It focuses on the idea of free will and the belief that we are all capable of do choices. Two psychologists associated with this approach are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) an American psychologist who believed that we are all seeking to become the stovepipe that we can be, spiritually, animal(prenominal)ly, emotionally and intellectually. He called this self-actualisation, with this he constructed a theory known as the hierarchy of needs, in which he explained th at every human being requires authorized basic needs to be met before they will be able to approach the next level. Maslow believed that until our basic physiological needs are met, we will focus on all kind of energies on getting them met and not be able to progress further.When we are all well-houses, well-fed and comfortable physically, we begin to focus on our emotional needs, such and the need to belong and be love and to feel self-esteem. When our lives are such that these needs are met, we strive to self-actualise. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was particularly interested in the concept of self. There are many aspects of the self but there are three important ones, self-esteem, self-concept and internalise. Self-Esteem, this is how valuable we feel as individuals. Someone with superior self-esteem will believe they are loved and loveable and that they are important and valued.On the other hand people with low self-esteem may feel themselves to be worthless, of no value to anyone else, unloved and unlovable. Self-concept, this is how we see ourselves. In early life this comes from what we are told about ourselves E. g. Youre so Amazing, Youre such a good singer. As we grow older, our ability to presuppose about ourselves develops and we begin to incorporate our own judgements e. g. I was really good at Science, I was the best driver, I wasnt invited to that party- I was unpopular. Internalise, this is to do the way we take in selective information from the outside world and build it into our sense of self.It then becomes part of our feelings, thoughts and beliefs about who we are and what we expect from the world around us. Introduction This psychological perspective gas gained enormous ground since the 1960sm when the influence of behaviourism began to wane. A prominent deal of research has been devoted to understanding cognitive processes such as attention , memory , perception, information processing , problem solving , though language and other aspect s of cognition. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss psychologist who ab initio worked on measuring intelligence.He came to a conclusion that cognition develops through a series of stages m severally new stage building on the previous one after he noticed children the identical age made the homogeneous mistakes in logic. Stage 1 Sensory- move (0-2), the world is experienced through motor activity and the senses. Stage 2 Pre-operational (2-7), Language develops along with memory. The child is egocentric and unable to conserve. Stage 3 Concrete operational (7-11), the child can now understand conversation but cannot yet unclutter problems mentally.Stage 4 Formal operational (11+), the child can now use abstract thoughts and represent problems mentally. Introduction The biological perspective is one of the major approaches to doing psychological research, which is focused on the idea that behaviours have biological causes. Common types of biological studies on behaviour include thi ngs like the effects of physical child plague on future adult actions, how injuries such as head trauma affect behaviour, or whether or not criminal behaviour can be explained by genetics.Maturation theory The theory holds that the effects of the environment are miminal. The child is born with a set of genetic instructions passed down from its parents, and its cognitive, physical and other developmental processes merely unfold over time, rather than being dependent upon the environment to mature. This is the effect, a theory which states that development is due to nature not nature. Arnold Gesell, a psychologist and educator in the 1940s, was interested in child development. He did frequent observations of children, which Gesell formulated a theory known as maturation.This theory state that developmental changes in a childs body or behaviour are a result of the senescence process rather than from learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience. Gesells idea of maturation was fixed in the biological, physiological, and evolutionary sciences. As a result, Gesell centered most of his theory on the power of biological forces, which he felt provided momentum for development to occur. Gesell and his contemporaries proposed that development follows an arranged sequence and that the biological and evolutionary autobiography of the species decides the order of this cycle.Maturation supports the idea that each childs unique genetic and biological move inup determines the rate of development patronage of other potential environmental influences. Genetic influences on behaviour, genes can affect behaviour in many ways. Some disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia, are caused when both parents pass on the gene for the disorder. Disorders that occur regardless of environmental influences, such as those listed above, are genetically determined disorders. This means that the individual who inherits the gene or genes is certain to develop the d isorder, regardless of environmental factors.The influence of the nervous and endocrine systems on behaviour, the autonomic system produces its effects through activation of nerve fibres throughout the nervous system, oral sex and body or by stimulating the release of hormones from endocrine secretors such as adrenal and pineal glands. The hormones are biochemical substances and they are released into the blood stream and have a profound effect on target organs and on behaviour. They are present in very small groups and individual molecules have a very short life, so their effects quickly disappear if they are not secreted 24/7.There are all sorts of different hormones in our body including. Melatonin, which is released by the pineal gland and its job, is to act on the brainstem sleep mechanism to help synchronise the phrases of sleep and activity. The second hormone is testosterone this is released in the testicles in which may influence aggressive behaviour. The last one is oxy tocin this is release by the pituitary gland and stimulates the milk production and female orgasms. Only some hormones are released as a response to outside(a) stimuli. For example, the pineal glands respond to reduced daylight by increasing production of melatonin.M1 After doing my P1 criteria, Ive look backed and only certain perspectives explain well and here are my opinions on them. These are Skinner (Behaviourist Perspective), Carl Rodgers (Humanistic Perspective), Sigmund Freud (Psychodynamic Approach) and Maslows hierarchy of needs helps explain also. On the other hand, I do not agree that our behaviour is simply down to our genes. In my opinion I believe that the environment and what we surround our self with has a huge impact on our behaviour. Due to this explanation I beginnert venture Gesell explains it very clear.I think Albert Bandura explains it very well as it is true we do tend to try to be like and want to be like people we consider as our role model. However, we only reproduction behaviours that interest us. In my opinion I have ont think the biological perspective explains behaviour well as I dont believe that just our genes determine our behaviour, to me there is more to it. Such as our upbringing and environment and personal beliefs. People may say we dont always copy a behaviour that we have seen by observing others as it may be reinforcing negative behaviour and therefore we recognize it as wrong and for those reasons we do not want to copy it.The behaviour could also be something that you dont agree with as it may go against your beliefs or the way you have been brought up E. g. Moral and Values. We are more likely to copy behaviour from someone we know E. g. Peers like Family and Friends or aspire to be like. We are likely not to copy if we dont have the same opinion or if it is simply against our beliefs or what we have been told. If the person has had a bad experience from doing certain behaviours, then we see it as a lesson and as a result we do not do the same, as we see it as negative behaviour.Another reason is if the outcome of that specialized behaviour wasnt something we anticipate. Also if the person who behaved in a certain way. In addition to this we are less likely to copy someone who is being punished for a certain action. We only imitate behaviours that interest us. Therefore, in my opinion I feel like the approach that is best at explaining behaviour is Skinner and his skinner box. I think this is the best approach when explaining behaviour as it is truthful and the outcome have shown this.I also believe it is the most successful as I believe it is true when we are satisfied with something and like the way it works. We will continue to use that service as long as it keeps us happy and meets our needs. This is very comparable to what the rat was doing inside the Skinner box. Whenever the rat felt hungry it would press the lever which would then release a food pellet. The rat then continues to press the lever. This is similar to an individual being satisfies with a service as it is giving the individual what it requires therefore they keep spillage back.As they see it as a positive experience. Then it became an unpleasant experience when the rat was becoming electric shocked once pressing the lever. The rat then learned that it would continue to receive the shock if it keep to press the lever. So the rat learned to stop as it wasnt having a pleasant experience. This is the same with us, if we started to have a horrible experience somewhere the likeliness is that we would stop using that service, and in the same way the rat stopped using the lever. Also when we do something where we see positive results, we will engage on.However, when the conflicting event occurs we will learn to stop carrying out that behaviour as it isnt works in the way we wish. Therefore I believe this is the best approach to behaviour as I feel it is the truest in real life. My second person wh o I think explains behaviour well is Sigmund Freud. This is because he explained behaviour in a way where people can relate too. As the past we dont often perhaps think of but sometimes it may hit us and make us realise that we were lighten carrying those memories and past experiences with us but we just didnt realise.He also said they often leak out in dreams and slips of the tongue. Although we dont always think of it as such, it is still there with us and that is what makes us dream about it. We then realise that it is still on our mind and it is something that is still creating an effect on us, even if the event occurred many years ago. My last person I agree with is Carl Rodgers. I judge what a child has been told throughout their life, will affect who and how they develop when they are older.For example, someone who has been called horrible names, will feel of no value will develop a low self esteem and confidence and they wont feel good enough to do certain events. They will not feel very constructive about themselves. Therefore they may give up on life and may miss many good opportunities. However someone who has always be pushed in life and have been told that they are smart and will do well, may actually go on in life and do well as they feel they have people that believe them. Therefore they believe in themselves and so this person will have developed a high self esteem and may be quite.