Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan Essay Example

Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan Essay Individual Assignment: leading change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan – Core Leadership task Carlos Ghosn is very strong leader who leading the Renault and Nissan. He made the Company strategic alliance for Nissan with French auto car manufacturer Renault was mutually beneficial for both companies, each of them expanding portfolio and becoming more competitive in the context of globalized mature automobile market. Analysis the leadership of Carlos Ghosn, actually he made a number of remarkable leadership change management on the Renault and Nissan. And Following core task of leadership were well used at Tenure and Nissan A. Effective leadership instills in the organization behavioral patterns that will support sustained outstanding performance. At Nissan, he want to bring Nissan back to profitability at the earliest date possible and revive it as highly attractive company. But in the cooperation through the merge and alliances, that is not dimply a matters of making fundamental change to a company’s organization and operations so de decided to focusing on specific business objective, means focusing on performance and he could by pass concerns for cultural difference. Meanwhile through the performance management, he remove the executive who failure to meet performance target. Through the over and over change. He equip up the team with good performance to achieve the change the people instead of change person. B. Develop and Communicate Purpose – He made a lot of level communication to member and got much valuable information to help him diagnosis the organization and implemented the change accordingly. Meanwhile to share the demanding of organization performance goal. This is also a upward communication. like the article side: spoke directly to employee was especially important C. Leader development through the cross function team work and make the important decision of organization to let those key member well know operation of other function to give then horizontal view of organization for future development D. Effective leadership will be exercised by multiple individuals at different levels and in different units of the organization. E. Walk and talk in his view the leaders must do what they say and say what they do. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And he required the top management team is highly visible and what they think, what they say and what they do must be same. They have to be impeccable in ensuring that they worlds correspond to their action. F. The Effective leadership will be exercised by multiple individuals at different levels and in different units of the organization – he involved NRP and serial of HR management plan to reduce the cost, make the good transformation, transformed a struggling company into a good company. Transform the good company into a great company. Overall evaluated for Carlos Ghosn’s leadership on change management, we may see he well manager those leadership to adapt the organization development needs, he engage the six core of leadership from coupled with demanding performance goal, and employee can then adapt to changing circumstances by finding new petitions while aligned with the company’s purpose and direction. Through the well communication setting up, especially upward communication, support new behavior and help ensure leader will learn from employee at all level about the effectiveness of the efforts. Carlos Ghosn leads the change. And also we may see those changes are involved a lot of party of organization to make those change happen as not individual can change the organization. Effective leadership change requires that collaborative partnership among those individuals who hold the positions of formal authority and employee at other organization level who can participants in the process of leading change. The result of the changes, of course will be benefit to the organization as a whole. Leadership ectation rganization performance dem Cross-Functional Teams When you get a clear strategy and communicate your priorities, its a pleasure working in Japan. The Japanese are so organized and know how to make the best of things. They respect leadership . Carlos Ghosn Even though Ghosn expected that his attitude toward cultural respect and opportunism would lead to success, Ghosn was pleasantly surprised by how quickly Nissan employees accepted and participated in the change of their m anagement processes. In his speech at Tuck school he mentioned that workers love stories, they want to understand the story they are in and the role they are playing, they want to see a happy ending-and they want to be part of that ending. Nissan employees were eager to prove themselves. In fact, he has credited all of the success in his programs and policies to the willingness of the Nissan employees at all levels to change their mindsets and embrace new ideas. Perhaps it was the way he started that set the foundation among the employees. Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 325,000 just like it! get better grades Carlos Ghosn was the first manager to actually walk around the entire company and meet every employee in person, shaking hands and introducing himself. In addition, Ghosn initiated long discussions with several hundred managers in order to discuss their ideas for turning Nissan around. This began to address the problems within the vertical layers of management by bringing the highest leader of the company in touch with some of the execution issues facing middle and lower management. It also sent a signal to other executives that they needed to be doing the same thing. But he did not stop there. After these interviews, he decided that the employees were quite energetic, as shown by their recommendations and opinions. With this in mind, Ghosn decided to develop a program for transformation which relied on the Nissan people to make recommendations, instead of hiring outside consultants. He began to organize Cross-Functional Teams to make decisions for radical changes in the company. Part of The Global Leadership Of Carlos Ghosn At Nissan In 1999, the Nissan was suffering under a decade of decline and unprofitability, in fact the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, with continuous loses for the past eight years resulting in debts of approx. $22 billion. Elements impacting Nissans performance prior to the global alliance with Renault Internal factors: Emphasis on short-term market share growth instead of a long term success strategy; Advanced engineering and technology, plant productivity, quality management. However, less attention was given to design and innovation, on the assumption that consumers were looking for quality and safety. This implies a lack of knowledge of the market, consumers changing tastes, and showed that Nissan management did not pay too much attention to what competition was doing. External factors: The devaluation of yen from 100 to 90 yen for a US dollar; Moodys and Standard Poorss rating agencies announced in 1999 that Nissan would be lowered from investment grade to junk unless it could not Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 325,000 just like it! get better grades get any financial support. Both formal and informal internal procedural Nissan norms, as well as Japanese cultural norms were holding the company back. Through keiretsu investments Nissan management believed would foster loyalty and cooperation between members of the value chain, hence they invested in real estate and suppliers companies. 4 billion US dollars were invested in stock shares of other companies as part of keiretsu philosophy. Nissan Company strategic alliance with French auto car manufacturer Renault was mutually beneficial for both companies, each of them expanding portfolio and becoming more competitive in the context of globalized mature automobile market. With Renault assuming a stake of 36. 8% at Nissan, the latter would retain its investment grade status. The alliance enabled Renault to penetrate and expand in international markets that it was looking for Asia and North America. In turn, Nissan would gain market share in South America.

buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay

buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay The fall of the Roman Empire was caused by different contradictions in the spheres of economical, political, and social life. The film casted in 1964 The fall of the Roman Empire depicts the reasons that caused the crash of the country and characterizes its leader. Dissolution of Rome was a result of inefficient political power and succession in the empire. It began with a wise, diplomatic emperor Marcus Aurelis who called various leaders and representatives of many nations that existed in the empire. Marcus was famous for a policy of the securing peace and prosperity among the nations. His adopted son Livius became an heir and successor. Marcus son Commodus got devastated by his fathers intention to make Livius his heir. However, Livius did not want to divide the power despite Marcus daughter efforts to convince him to claim the throne. Commodus became the Emperor after Marcus had been poisoned by conspirators. Commodus appointed Livius as a commander of all Roman armies. Commodus reigned in opposition to Marcus policy of assuring peace and freedom. That resulted to rebellion and defection within and outside the Roman borders. Commodus, declaring himself a God, killed anyone who represented a threat to him. The violence of the Emperor was one of the reasons that ruined Rome. Commodus considered his sister Lucilla being an enemy and declared, to burn her. The Emperor treated the eastern provinces and Armeniaaggressively that made him find support from Livius who was the commander of the Roman army. He demanded brutal retribution against rebellions, but Livius was against those actions as well as to kill his sister. Li vius intervened by slaying Commodus. This brave deed saved Lucilla as well as tried to stabilize the disintegrated empire. The film Henry V reflects the life of a young king of England. His first steps of running the country started with the war to France. King Henry assembled an army to invade France. The war proved Henry to be a strong king who had a moral conviction as a man. French army exceedingly outnumbered the British troops. Henry won the battle of Agincourt struggling aggressively. In preparation for the great battle of Agincourt, the king encouraged his troops with an aim to exacebrate mens spirit and give them confidence. King Henry ran the country successfully due to his administrative skills. Henrys policy, comparing to the manner of governing by the Roman Emperor, was not built on the base of violence. King Henry paid attention to the social life of the people and role of religion in Britain. The governors of the Roman Empire and England were the persons of principled moral conviction. Henry V was portrayed as a successful leader of his country. Commodus was depicted more aggressive and stronger. Both the leaders never gave up in their batttles. Their self drive, inner turmoil, and confidence led them to victory. The film portrayed the victory of Livius who killed Commodus and saved Lucilla. King Henry won the battle against France despite plural advantages of the French. The leaders had advisors and supporters during their battles. Livius got encouraged and supported by Lucilla who played a vital role. King Henry was advised and convinced by Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury that helped him to plan the war with the king of France. In addition, the church clergymen, Henrys advisors, Exeter and Westmoreland told him that they believed war was the only way to obtain his claim. Commodus and Henry used different methods to gain victory in the war. Commodus bribed senators and the army to go against the rebels, and he forced them to fight for him. King Henry commanded his captain to assemble an army that would later invade France. The governors combined the approaches of appealing violence and peaceful strategy. For instance, the Roman emperor, Marcus let his daughter get married with the King of Armenia which was a way of enhancing peace between him and Rome. Livius and Henry did not believe in war. It was the circumstances of repeated insults that triggered them enter into the war. King Charles son insulted King Henry. Later, Charles mocked at Henry. Commodus had declared to kill Lucilla, and his decision made Livius slay him. Buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay

Sometime in the future oil will become more expensive. investigate the Essay

Sometime in the future oil will become more expensive. investigate the effects of this on the market for oil and the market for - Essay Example Nations must now come to terms with the harsh reality that dependence on oil is as short-term solution and the other sources of renewable as well as green energy must be considered. Hubbert (1956) had predicted that the production of oil in America followed a bell shaped graph trend. He stipulated that the peak of oil production was to be attained in 1970 after which production will assume a downward trend. His prediction reigned despite sharp criticisms. He then predicted a global peak to be witnessed in the year 2000. Michael Lynch fronted that the production of oil must be closely tied to oil prices. He argued that Hubbert committed a mistake in assuming that geology is the motivating factor to the discovery, production and depletion of oil. He advocated for supply and demand as the key determinants in the oil industry. "To an economist, the drop in exploration reflects optimal behavior: they do not waste money exploring for something they will not use for decades.† he added . Factors that influence the price of oil. Economic growth is one of the key factors that affect oil prices. A steadfast economic growth will result in an increase in the demand for oil and its byproducts. It thus exhibits a direct relationship with the price of oil. Even as countries seek to experience a rapid economic growth, they need to focus on other sources of energy so that their increased demand for energy can be met adequately. Another factor according to Watson (1987) that affects the price of oil is the seasonal changes. It has been observed that during winter oil prices increases rapidly in Europe and the U.S.A due to the increased demand. Before the beginning of winter, consumers tend to buy excess of oil and its products due to fear of possible. However during summer, demand tends to decrease especially that of domestic use. Energy substitutes such as coal, natural gas and nuclear energy that can replace oil will also determine its price. If more alternative sources of energy are discovered, overreliance on oil will decline and the prices will tend to decline. Foreign exchange affects oil prices since oil is traded internationally and the U.S dollar is the main currency used. Therefore appreciation or depreciation of the local currencies against the U.S dollar will significantly affect the price of oil. When the dollar weakens, the prices of oil will escalate. Increase in oil prices will also lead to high export bill resulting in trade deficits and a further weakening of the dollar. Policies of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (O.P.E.C) also affect the demand and supply of oil. This further affects prices. Being one of the largest oil regulatory body, their actions will greatly affect production levels as well as international prices. Countries with high production capacity as well as high oil reserves have got high bargaining power in terms of prices. Causes of high oil prices. Instability in the Middle East is a key factor that has led to increase in oil prices. Middle East countries such as Iran, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates form major producers as well as exporters of oil. Iran has not had cordial relationship with the west especially the U.S.A. At times they have threatened to hoard their oil so as to frustrate them. A decline in the exportation of oil by these countries will create a serious shortage thus increasing the prices. Political unrest being witnessed in other oil producing counties in Africa has also affected greatly the production of oil thus resulting in an increase in prices. The recent political turmoil witnessed in Libya, led to a decline in the

The Ethical Behavior and Decision Making Within An Organization Essay

The Ethical Behavior and Decision Making Within An Organization - Essay Example In my earlier submission, I evinced allegiance to the utilitarian ethics as per which those actions are decisions are considered to be ethical that accrue maximal benefit to the maximum number of people, while allowing for the optimal and efficient utilization of resources. However, over this semester I realized that as my innate understanding of ethics evolved and matured, I concluded that no ethical dogma or principle happens to be a one size fit all dictums. The utilitarian ethics which profess to be sacrosanct in one particular situation may turn out to be problematic in some another mass situation. For instance, during Nazi Germany, the Jews were persecuted and killed because the regime of the time strongly believed that such actions intended to bring happiness to the majority of the Germans. However, in retrospect, nobody harbors the doubt that such actions were not only evil but a viable source of shame for the entire humanity. Such examples forced me to think as to what does it mean by being ethical? Is there a single ethical dogma that fits and suits all the situations? After much brain raking, I came to the conclusion that my idea of ethics stood to be more in consonance with the theory of situational ethics. Eventually what is right and what is wrong, what is ethical and what is unethical depends upon the nature of a particular situation. There exists nothing as universal ethics and each situation has its own ethical norms imminent to it. What is considered to be ethically right may be totally incongruent and inapplicable in a particular situation? Hence, while taking ethical decisions, a leader needs to be amply flexible and open-minded. This does not mean that such an approach must be pliable and open to manipulation. Yet, the ultimate ethical credentials of a leader ought to be dependent on one’s ability to opt for the nobler hypothesis amongst the available choices. For instance, if as a manager I fire an employee because one’s serv ices are not in tandem with the organizational expectations, it would be ethical. However, if I fire an employee because he has not been able to muster his best, as he has a wife suffering from cancer and he needs to take care of his two kids at home, it would be unethical. The nobler choice in this situation will be to extend the options and possibilities to that employee, which allows him to serve the organization while taking care of his domestic responsibilities. I also need to mention that the ethical values to which I owed allegiance to earlier, which are integrity, honesty, charity, and responsibility still stand to be more or less the same. However, the way I perceive and understand these values have indeed achieved much maturity and human consideration. For instance, the value of integrity requires an employee to safeguard organizational information and secrets. Yet, if the imperative of integrity makes a person to safeguard such organizational information, the withholding of which amounts to cheating the customers and shareholders, then safeguarding such information will be totally contrary to the value of integrity. The same stands to be true for the other three values.

Checkpoint ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses Assignment

Checkpoint ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses - Assignment Example It helps to understand the quantity of an item in the financial statement as a percentage of a whole and compare over a horizon of many years. Comparing current assets as percentage of total assets in year1 and year2 would be an example of vertical analysis. Horizontal analysis helps in analyzing the various items over a period of time either in absolute numbers or in percentage. Example, change in sales (+ or -) figures in year1 as compare to previous year. The current ratio shows that Pepsico is showing a decreasing trend from 1.28 in 2004 to 1.11 in 2005 (appendix). Coca-Cola is also showing a similar trend with the ratio at 1.10 in 2004 and 1.04 in 2005 (appendix). This shows that both the companies are increasing their short term financing. They can afford to do this at present as both companies have their current liabilities adequately covered. However, the trend could be alarming for their short term liquidity position in the future if it continues, especially for Coca-Cola which has almost equal amount of current assets covering the current liabilities ($1.04 for every $1 of current liability). Vertical analysis of Assets shows that for Pepsico current assets component of total assets has increased marginally in 2005 over the previous year (appendix). The current liabilities as percentage of total liabilities has increased drastically which shows that the company is financing more through short term obligations rather than long term debt. A further component analysis reveals a clearer picture. There has been a major increase in short term liabilities and taxes showing an increased short term financing for growing business (appendix). For coca-cola current liabilities have increased and assets decreased again showing increased short term financing (appendix). Horizontal analysis of Pepsico shows that there has been an increase in current assets and liabilities

Employer Obligations Under The Equality Act 2010

Employer Obligations Under The Equality Act 2010 Gavin Moore PO4 Question 1 The employer’s main obligations under the Employment Equality Act are to: Provide a safe, healthy work environment with the required facilities. When hiring employees they must abide by the nine grounds and must not discriminate based on: Race The employer cannot say no to hiring someone based on the fact they are Chinese, Indian, African or even white. Gender An employer cannot base his decision on whether the candidate is a man or a woman when recruiting as this can be sexist and discrimination. Marital status Just because the person looking for work is married or not the employer can’t say no based on this status. Family status The employer can’t look at whether the person is a family man with a wife and kids or if he has no wife and kids and lives alone when hiring. Sexual orientation If the candidate is gay, bisexual or even a lesbian the employer can’t base his decision on this. Disability If a person has a disability they should not feel that they will not get the job because of this unless it involves something which requires skill that they don’t have, otherwise, the employer must treat them equal. Religion The employees should not be treated differently based on their religious beliefs. Age The position should be available for anyone who is between the age of 18 to 65 as long as they are well able to complete the tasks which have to be done. Member of the travelling community. If a member of the travelling community is looking for work and is fully qualified he should not be discriminated against just because of his background. The two main legal acts which underpin it are: The Employment Equality Act 1998 (amended 2004) This covers advertising, equal pay, access to employment, promotion or demotion and dismissal and other issues. This also promotes equality, prohibits discrimination and sexual harassment or harassment, and gives access to people with disabilities participation and training. The Act gives protection to employees in the public and private sector. The Equal Status Act 2000 (as amended by the equality act 2004) The Equal Status Act promotes equality, prohibits certain kinds of discrimination (with some exceptions), prohibits sexual harassment and harassment (on the discriminatory grounds). This covers people who buy goods, use services and facilities and attend educational establishments. The Act also prohibits victimisation and provides that clubs which discriminate may lose their licence to sell alcohol. (www.asti.ie) PO4 Question 2 The employee’s main obligations under the employment equality act are to: Be available for work and provide a good service. you must be willing to do the work given to you at any time and you must do it to the best of your ability. Obey orders from employers Whatever tasks your employer gives to you must be completed and you must do what they tell you to do without any negativity Maintain confidentiality regarding company information Any information given to you about clients or the business must not be shared outside the workplace as it is company policy that everything remains private. Be willing to compensate the employer for any damage caused or wrongful act committed. If you manage to break something or do something wrong you must confront the manager as soon as possible because if you don’t tell the manager you will come across as being unreliable and not honest which can give you a bad reputation within the workplace. The two main legal acts which underpin this is: The Employment Equality Act 1998 (amended 2004) This covers advertising, equal pay, access to employment, promotion or demotion and dismissal and other issues. This also promotes equality, prohibits discrimination and sexual harassment or harassment, and gives access to people with disabilities participation and training. The Act gives protection to employees in the public and private sector. The Equal Status Act 2000 (as amended by the equality act 2004). The Equal Status Act promotes equality, prohibits certain kinds of discrimination (with some exceptions), prohibits sexual harassment and harassment (on the discriminatory grounds). This covers people who buy goods, use services and facilities and attend educational establishments. The Act also prohibits victimisation and provides that clubs which discriminate may lose their licence to sell alcohol. (www.asti.ie) PO4 Question 3 An example of workplace discrimination would be racial discrimination. This can take place when an employee of a certain race is paid less than the other employees or if they receive unfavourable treatment within the workplace. The problem can be noticed through unfair policies and dismissal without a certain reason. The employer can take positive action by coming to the person who is being discriminated against and find the people responsible for this and fire them immediately. These acts should be discussed with candidates before hiring them and let them know that their company will not tolerate any discrimination of any kind. Another example would be if a woman was being harassed by the men within the workplace to a serious extent. The manager would be in the hot seat if he didn’t get to the bottom of it. He would have to arrange a meeting with the woman in being harassed and find out who is behind it and fire them immediately. This would be one of the major problems that t he employer would face within the workplace and if not dealt with immediately could result in them losing their job. PO4 Question 4 Five pieces of current legislation relating to employment to cover the following issues are: Health, safety and welfare at work (Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005) This Act clarifies and enhances the responsibilities of employer‘s, the self-employed, employees and various other parties in relation to safety and health at work. The Act also details the role and functions of the Health and Safety Authority, provides for a range of enforcement measures that may be applied and specifies penalties that may be applied for breach of occupational safety and health (www.hsa.ie) Equality (Equality Act 2004 and Employment Equality Act 1998) Their main aim is to promote equality by forbidding discrimination within employment. (www.ahead.ie) Union Representation (Industrial Relations Act 1990) The definition of trade dispute no longer includes worker v. worker disputes, disputes about an individuals employment must first go through statutory or collectively agreed resolution procedures, private residences can no longer be picketed, secondary action is restricted, and trade unions must have rules providing for secret ballots before industrial action is taken. On the other hand, the ability of employers to get labour injunctions is restricted where there has been a secret ballot and strike notice has been given. (www.eurofound.europa.eu) Regulations Relating to Pay: National Minimum Wage Act 2000 The National Minimum Wage Act, 2000 provides that the minimum wage rate for an experienced adult employee from 1 May, 2005 is 7.65 euro per hour. Before then, the minimum wage rate was 7 euro per hour. The national minimum wage is reviewed at regular intervals (www.disability.ie) And the Payment Of Wage Act 1991 The employer is obliged to provide a written statement of wages and deductions at the time of payment. It is worth noting that in the case of schools in Ireland for the purposes of the Payment of Wages act, 1991 the Department of Education and Skills is deemed to the employer. (www.employmentrightsinireland.com) References Online at http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Managing_Health_and_Safety/Safety,_Health_and_Welfare_at_Work_Act_2005/ (accessed 12/02/14) Online at  http://www.disability.ie/disability-ie-information-portal/site-sections/rights-legislation/183-legislation-bills-and-act-s-from-ireland-and-uk/534-national-minimum-wage-act (accessed 12/02/14) Online at  http://www.asti.ie/?id=281 (accessed 12/02/14) Online at  http://employmentrightsireland.com/payment-of-wages-act-1991-payment-of-wages-in-irish-employment-law/ (accessed 12/02/14) Online at  http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/IRELAND/INDUSTRIALRELATIONSACT1990-IR.htm (accessed 13/02/14) Online at  http://www.ahead.ie/inclusiveeducation_legislation_19982004acts (accessed 13/02/14)

Uncovering the Truth: Fad Diets

Uncovering the Truth: Fad Diets Uncovering the Truth: Fad Diets Longing for perfection has always been the driving force behind the development of civilization and the inventive spirit of the human being. We want to be perfect in every aspect of our lives: family, work, wealth, appearance and health. Lately society has turned its attention on appearance and health. With shows like Biggest Loser, a reality television series that follows overweight people learning to live and maintain a healthy lifestyle while competing against other contestants on the show to lose the most amount of weight, becoming increasingly popular and countless amounts of weight loss books filling up the shelves in bookstores; it seems that our society is focusing more strongly on getting physically fit and healthy. While some people choose physical activity to maintain their bodies in good shape, others prefer a passive way of dieting. Dieting originated as a way to maintain a healthy lifestyle. While dieting, the dieter finds a way to organize their eating habits so that the food they consume decreases or stabilizes their weight safely. Although people continue to use dieting as a tool for healthy weight loss, the diversity of diets today is overwhelming. The popularity of dieting has began to overshadow its essence, in turn causing people to abuse diets and show slight consideration to the ways dieting can actually influence a persons’ body. In some cases diets have proven to be of paramount importance to a person’s life, weight experts have determined that a well designed diet-and-exercise program can improve your odds of succeeding at weight management and cure things such as diabetes: Type Two. But in many cases, diets abuse persons’ physical health and mental sanity. A special term has been invented for the types of unhealthy diets that involve restricted nutrition and/or limit the amount of the necessary to normal functioning of one’s organism calories, promising quick and easy weight-loss. Subsequently, they are referred to as fad diets. This is a look at some of society’s most popular fad diets and their effects. Description of Fad Diets These are some of the most popular diets out now:  · Low-Carbohydrate/High-Protein Diets  · High Carbohydrate/Low Fat Diets  · Controlled Portion Size Diets  · Liquid Diets  · Dieting Pills  · Cabbage Soup Diet The first diet type we look at is currently one of the most followed plans in the world. These are known as Low-Carbohydrate (CHO)/Low Fat Diets. Although there are many different versions of these diets the basis for them is the same. These diets declare that the source of the weight problem is CHO, thus concluding that if CHO is eliminated; the dieter will successfully lose weight. For instance, the core of the very popular Atkins diet is based around the theory that significant consumption of CHO is the specific cause for obesity. Therefore, Atkins restricts the dieters’ daily CHO intake and reduces their caloric intake to between 1,200 and 1,800. Atkins, 1992) In general, this type of dieting allows such foods as meats, poultry, fish, eggs, CHO-low vegetables, and butter-although prohibiting CHO products (bread, pasta, potatoes, etc. ). Although dieters may lose weight at first, the grave reality about these diets is that the food plan they propose is not entirely safe. While on these diet plans, the body misses out on vitamin B and C and other essential nutrients. This is due to the lack of fruits, whole grains, an d fibers allowed in this diet. Furthermore, the dieters’ run the risk of damaging the normal functioning of their kidneys. Without CHO to use for fuel, the body switches into a metabolic state called ketosis. When the body is in ketosis, it gathers energy from ketones- a form of carbon that is created from the breakdown of fat. The more ketones in the body, the harder the kidneys have to work to filter those ketones out. Making the kidneys work over like that can result in renal failure. (Pasternak, 2006) Next we look at another popular diet fad type, although not as popular as the low carbohydrate diets, High Carbohydrate (CHO)/Low Fat diets are quickly gaining momentum. This is thanks in large part to Dr. Dean Ornish’s Eat More Weigh Less Diet, also known as the Ornish Diet. These diet plans focus not on the amount of calories being consumed, but rather on the CHO/ fat balance in meals. On the Ornish Diet foods that are allowed to be eaten in any quantity and at any time include vegetables, fruits, and grains. Some foods, such as low-fat dairy products, may be consumed in small quantities. However, there are food types that are strictly forbidden as part of the diet plan, among these are foods are meat, oils, nuts, sugar, and dairy product that are not low-fat. Ornish, 2007) Unfortunately, these diets do not make a clear distinction between the good fat and the bad fat. Since the emphasis is based so strongly on fats dieters are lead to believe that fat itself is the problem. In actuality the most dangerous fat is transient fat, which may be found in cookies, while animal fats are known to be beneficial to the human organism. For example, it is common knowledge that fish and nu ts contain fats that help the human body fight heart disease. We need to be aware of what is good and bad for the body so we know what kind of foods to eat and what the limit is. The next diet we look at is much different from the previous one’s we have looked at. Unlike the CHO eliminating or fat eliminating diets, The Volumetric Plan Diet claims that what is being consumed is not what counts, rather how much one eats at a time. (Rolls and Barnett, 2000) This type of dieting teaches to control the whole process of eating by checking the size of the serving for each meal and mastering the number of meals a day a person has. Consequently, these diets do not address the quality of the food pattern; they instead concentrate on servings. For example, The Volumetric Weight Control Plan suggests that the dieter lower their caloric intake by 1,000 calories. (Rolls and Barnett, 2000) While the plan explains very well how to count calories, they neglect to inform dieters of the healthy choice of foods that should be consumed. Abiding by this fad dieting can be mentally stressful as the dieter feels enormous guilt if they stray from the diet. Also, this diet makes it justifiable to consume unhealthy food, by allowing the dieter to limit the unhealthy food to small portions but with no limits as to how many times a day it should be consumed. Liquid Fad diets establish liquids as the main element of the diets. Commonly, these liquids come in the form of shakes or juices. The severe form of this diet requires consumption of liquid only; nevertheless, there is a lighter approach when shakes substitute one or two meals. This is an extremely low-calorie type of fad diet. Its main drawback is the short-term results it produces. Though manufacturers claim that the liquids purify the organism, there is not essential scientific evidence to support this claim. The facts are that this diet works by diminishing the calories intake. However, this is achieved through low nutrition value the liquids. General consequences from these diets include frequent colds, hair loss, and fatigue. Absence of natural sources of vitamins and microelements such as fruits and vegetables may also lead to digestion disorders. Another type of diet plan that may lead to digestion disorders, among other things, is fairly considered the most hazardous of all the fad diets. In the past two decades, Americans have spent billions of dollars on diet pills. Though diet pills offer quick solution to the problems of being overweight, they do not deliver the promised result. In the case we will look at phenylpropanolamine (PPA). PPA is one of the most widely used hunger suppressants. PPA affects the hypothalamus, the control center of the brain; it interrupts the hypothalamus from telling the brain that the body is hungry, thus, causing a person to eat less. The negative side of PPA is that you must stay on it to curb your appetite and some of the more mild side affect are irrability, palpitation of the heart and being tired. More serious side effects include cardiac arrhythmias, intracerebral hemorrhage and psychosis. Concluding our diet types is the widespread Cabbage Soup Diet. A unique fact about this diet is that no one really knows where it originated from. The cabbage soup diet recommends that the dieter eat little more than cabbage soup throughout the day. By cycling on and off of the diet (7 days on, 14 off) it guarantees the dieter that they will lose anywhere from ten to twenty pounds in a weeks’ time. (Danbrot, 1997) The truth about this diet is that it restricts your caloric intake to less than 1,000 a day. There are no proteins or fats in this diet and an unhealthy amount of vitamins and minerals are missing. Pasternak, 2006) Side effects of this diet include: diarrhea, light headedness and abdominal pain. These are some of the most popular diets being used by people today. We have seen the diets and learned all of the negative e physical reaction our bodies may have to them, but dieters also run a risk of being physiologically affected by these diets. Physical and Physiologica l Consequences of Fad Dieting In general, fad diets are usually low-calorie diets that result in a quite sufficient weight loss over a short period of time. However, it is deceptive because it is not fat-loss, but instead water-loss. Weight is simply gained back when a person returns to their normal eating habits. Latest research shows that such a pattern causes risk of obesity and may lead to anorexia or bulimia. Two-thirds of the human organism consists of water, thus, a considerable water-loss to the body results in dehydration. Dehydration, in return, will lead to weakness and reduction in urine and sweat production, which may also lead to an electrolyte imbalance. Electrolytes live in our blood and plasma, and their job is to transmit nerve impulses throughout the body. McBride, 2008, June 11)Since electrolytes are fluid-based, drastic water loss through extreme dieting or vomiting can rapidly lower the amount of this essential substance. Less liquid in the organism can lead to a nervous breakdown or heart attack. Furthermore, fad diets may lead to a number of different conditions. Diets that encourage you to eliminate milk, oil, potatoes may lead to deficiency vitamin A, which is immensely important for a h ealthy functioning of the body. In actuality all the fad diets covered in this paper lacked adequate nutritional value. Diets, like Atkins for example, do not provide the vitamins the dieter needs, or micro-elements, such as zinc and calcium to maintain a healthy body. The human body needs a well-rounded nutrition that includes all the vitamins and micro-elements available. If these vitamins are omitted on a day-to-day basis it will inevitably result in energy depletion and quick wearing out of the internal organs. The first sign that your diet is a poor nutrition choice is experiencing sleeping disorders which eventually may lead to memory deterioration. Malnutrition is frequently observed in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). In 60% of all COPD patients are malnutrition is seen but only 29% of those patients have a body weight equal to or above 90% of ideal body weight. (Consequences of Poor dieting, 2010)Another result of lacking the necessary vitamins is considerable hair loss as a reaction by the hair follicles to the shock the organism is experiencing. As a result of being on a diet, the dieter my not get any satisfaction from what he or she is eating. Desire for receiving pleasure from food is natural to the human being; accordingly lack of satisfaction is one of the main reasons why many people drop dieting early on. When abiding by the diet, the restricted product becomes the obtrusive idea, and the longer the person stays on a diet, the more frustrated they become. Before long, the desire to eat the prohibited food item overcomes their fear of failing the quest for weight loss. As a result of the struggle they face, the dieter may start consuming much more calories than they actually need, or used to eat before becoming a dieter and quickly gain the weight (Medina, Dieting and its Consequences, n. d. ) Likewise, the dieter may develop food obsession, from pickiness to constant counting of calories. Whether the person is still on a diet or not, their mind still functions as that of a dieter, which will include all of the damaging consequences; including depression. In conclusion, the research carried out in this work has shown that fad diets present unconditional danger to health and may lead to serious dysfunctions. Satisfying our needs is the natural law of life. Dieting requires us to ignore the natural necessity of the human body. No matter how attractive fad diets may seem, it is highly recommended they be avoided. A quickly- achieved result is not a sufficient price for damaged health. Instead of eliminating essential nutrients from the menu, dieters should focus on keeping a healthy eating plan that includes different types of foods rich in vitamins and micro-elements. Healthy habits, such as being physically active, are an excellent way to permanently lose extra weight with the benefit of improving their health. References Atkins, R. , MD. , (1992). Dr. Atkins New Diet Revolution. New York: HarperCollins Consequences of Poor Diets (2010, January 03) retrieved from: http://www. diagnose-me. com/cond/C2556. html Danbrot, M. (1997) The New Cabbage Soup Diet. New York: St. Martins Press Medina, J. (n. d) Diet and its consequences. Retrieved from http://www. helium. com/item/944418-diet-and-its-consequences McBride,H. (2008, June 11) Health consequences of dangerous dieting. Retrieved from http://www. obesity –treatment. com/feature/health Ornish,D. , MD. (2007) The Spectrum. New York: Ballantine Books Pasternak, H. , M. Sc (2006) The 5-Factor Diet. New York: Ballantine Books Rolls, B. , PhD & Barnett,R. A. , (2000) The Volumetrics of Weight-Control Plan. New York: HarperCollins Zelman,K. , MRH, RD, LD (2008, January 24) Retrieved from: Webmd. com/diet/liquid diets.