Science Investigatory Project Essay Sample free essay sample

1. 1 Background of the Study- states the principle of the survey. It explains briefly why the research worker chose this survey to work on. 1. 2 Statement of Problem/Objectives – the nature A ; range of the job should be presented with lucidity. Two types of aims possibly stated: 1. 2. 1 General Objective – this is related to the job as given in the early portion of the subdivision. 1. 2. 2 Specific Objective – this states the intent of each experiment conducted. 1. 3 Significance of the Study- the importance of the survey is explained in this portion. 1. 4 Scope and Limitations – states the coverage A ; extent of the survey. Chapter II – Review of Related and Literature 2. 1 Review of Related Studies 2. 2 Review of Related Literature Chapter III – Methodology 3. 1 Materials / Equipments – the exact proficient specifications. measures and beginning of method of readying for all stuffs used should be given. Specifically reinforced equipment used in the survey must be described and the description accompanied by a image. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Investigatory Project Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. 2 General Procedure – the mode A ; sequence by which each experiment or set of observations were done A ; how measurings were obtained should be described in item. Avoid utilizing the â€Å"recipe style† when saying the bit-by-bit process. Use the narrative signifier in the past tense.

Why Juveniles Join Gangs an Example by

Why Juveniles Join Gangs Abstract Gang membership of juveniles is the object of discussion of many concerned academicians and field workers. What drives these young members of society to resort to the allegiance and illegal activities of a gang? Through a thorough research, this paper aims to understand the different factors that contribute to youth gang membership. With these factors, it may be possible to conceptualize a feasible plan or program that will effectively prevent or lower juveniles from joining gangs. Need essay sample on "Why Juveniles Join Gangs" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Body Gangs have been defined as a collection of individuals who have promised allegiance to one another and have named this allegiance with the purpose of elevating their status, via the formed group, through criminal activities. (Struyk, 2006) From the mere definition of a gang, it can already by ascertained that these groups are maladaptive and that any who choose to become members of such groups are in need of assistance. Over the course of history, gangs have been noted to be the cause of much of the violence occurring in certain neighborhoods. These neighborhoods are often in the lower end districts of the city the places where family income is barely above the minimum and getting by every day proves to be a struggle. Professionals involved in different sectors of society have become concerned with the growing impact these gangs have, not only on the individuals that comprise them but also on society in general. (Ramsey et al, 2003) The activities these gangs engage in are so encompassing in their scope that even those who avoid them get caught in between. Drug trafficking, gang wars and vandalizing public property are only a few examples of these activitites. The rise of juvenile participation in gangs has been the cause of much fear and unrest in many communities. The weight of having to wonder whether their children, their teenagers, and under-aged adolescents are steeped in the very same criminal activities that promise rebellious natures, violence and even death results in many efforts on the part of concerned individuals to try and prevent juvenile gang membership. It has been observed that levels of delinquency among youth skyrocket after they become gang members and decrease considerably after they exit the group. (Gordon et al, 2004) This stresses the fact that joining a gang can only increase a young individuals tendency to engage in negative and outright criminal acts. Why, however, do such young individuals join in gangs? What drives them to seek membership in such violent and shady organizations instead of other more adaptive ones? The most basic reason for individuals to participate in gangs is the fact that society has failed to provide for the basic needs of these individuals, specifically the youth. Conditions of poverty and lack of opportunities to improve their situations lead these young individuals to participate in gangs instead. Because of a feeling of want, because of the inability to access something they need, these adolescents decide to try to make their own access by joining a gang and making their own rules in a society that they feel has neglected them. In adolescents, a sense of belonging is derived from gang membership. Rejection from peers has proven to be very important in adolescents and being accepted into a setting that provides a family-like atmosphere and gives them a sense of acceptance. The status symbol of being a gang member also gives them an added sense of self-esteem. (Esbensen and Dischenes, 1998; Hixon, 1999) Most gang members are usually part of neighborhoods wherein gangs and gang violence is rampant. Becoming a member of a gang protects an individual from the violence that is fast overtaking their community. (Esbensen and Dischenes, 1998; Hixon, 1999) Gang membership is driven in part by the function of street gangs. Gangs are perceived as a source of protection in a violent world (Hixon, 1999) Having an older sibling who is a member of a gang also gives a younger individual a greater tendency to participate in gang activities. Seeing his or her older siblings experience desensitizes that younger individual from the violent activities and lifestyle that is often characteristic of gangs. Among gang members, it has been noted that males and females differ in the reasons for joining gangs. Self-esteem, for example is a good example of this. For individuals with high self-esteem, females have less inclination to join a gang but males have a higher tendency to join because of it. The factor of isolation also has different effects on individuals. Males who feel isolated will tend to shy away from gang activity whereas on females, isolation does not play a significant role in determining gang participation. Surprisingly, attachment to their mothers affected whether males would join a gang or not but did not affect females with their decision on the same matter. Also, contrary to popular belief, risk seeking behavior was found to be a good predictor of female gang membership but not of male gang membership. (Esbensen and Dischenes, 1998) Numerous studies have been conducted in the hopes of providing the groups involved in gang prevention with indicators of gang membership. Individuals who are suddenly more focused on wearing a certain color of clothing are deemed to have a higher tendency of being part of a gang. The wearing of a color that represents their gang is highly important to gang members as a means of identification to their group. The sporting of a tattoo is also common among gang members. Also, sudden increase in antisocial behavior indicates possible gang involvement. Performances in school-related activities also tend to drop for students who have involved themselves in gangs. (Struyk, 2006; Dishion et al, 2005) It is clear that many have involved themselves in the movement against youth gang membership. Gangs are not organizations for young adolescents. The lifestyle taken up by gang members is not one that these young lives should be exposed to. This paper aims to identify the definite factors that lead to gang membership in juveniles. It is hoped that understanding these factors will lead to construction of effective prevention programs and techniques. References Ramsey, A. L., Rust, J.O., & Sobel, S. M. (2003). Evaluation of the Gang Resistance and Training (GREAT) Program: a school-based prevention program. Education, 124, 297 Gordon, R.A., Lahey, B.B., Kawai, E., & Loeber, R. (2004). Antisocial behavior and youth gang membership: selection and socialization.Criminology, 42, 55-89 Struyk, R. (2006). Gangs in our schools: identifying gang indicators in our school population. The Clearing House, 80, 11-13 Esbensen, F., & Dischenes, E. (1998).A multisite examination of youth gang membership: does gender matter, Criminology, 36, 799-283 Hixon, A. L. (1999) Preventing street gang violence. American Family Physician, 59, 2121 Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., & Yasui, M. (2005). Predicting early adolescent gang involvement from middle school adaptation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psycholgoy, 34, 62-73

Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan Essay Example

Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan Essay Individual Assignment: leading change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan – Core Leadership task Carlos Ghosn is very strong leader who leading the Renault and Nissan. He made the Company strategic alliance for Nissan with French auto car manufacturer Renault was mutually beneficial for both companies, each of them expanding portfolio and becoming more competitive in the context of globalized mature automobile market. Analysis the leadership of Carlos Ghosn, actually he made a number of remarkable leadership change management on the Renault and Nissan. And Following core task of leadership were well used at Tenure and Nissan A. Effective leadership instills in the organization behavioral patterns that will support sustained outstanding performance. At Nissan, he want to bring Nissan back to profitability at the earliest date possible and revive it as highly attractive company. But in the cooperation through the merge and alliances, that is not dimply a matters of making fundamental change to a company’s organization and operations so de decided to focusing on specific business objective, means focusing on performance and he could by pass concerns for cultural difference. Meanwhile through the performance management, he remove the executive who failure to meet performance target. Through the over and over change. He equip up the team with good performance to achieve the change the people instead of change person. B. Develop and Communicate Purpose – He made a lot of level communication to member and got much valuable information to help him diagnosis the organization and implemented the change accordingly. Meanwhile to share the demanding of organization performance goal. This is also a upward communication. like the article side: spoke directly to employee was especially important C. Leader development through the cross function team work and make the important decision of organization to let those key member well know operation of other function to give then horizontal view of organization for future development D. Effective leadership will be exercised by multiple individuals at different levels and in different units of the organization. E. Walk and talk in his view the leaders must do what they say and say what they do. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change for Carlos Ghosn at Renault and Nissan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And he required the top management team is highly visible and what they think, what they say and what they do must be same. They have to be impeccable in ensuring that they worlds correspond to their action. F. The Effective leadership will be exercised by multiple individuals at different levels and in different units of the organization – he involved NRP and serial of HR management plan to reduce the cost, make the good transformation, transformed a struggling company into a good company. Transform the good company into a great company. Overall evaluated for Carlos Ghosn’s leadership on change management, we may see he well manager those leadership to adapt the organization development needs, he engage the six core of leadership from coupled with demanding performance goal, and employee can then adapt to changing circumstances by finding new petitions while aligned with the company’s purpose and direction. Through the well communication setting up, especially upward communication, support new behavior and help ensure leader will learn from employee at all level about the effectiveness of the efforts. Carlos Ghosn leads the change. And also we may see those changes are involved a lot of party of organization to make those change happen as not individual can change the organization. Effective leadership change requires that collaborative partnership among those individuals who hold the positions of formal authority and employee at other organization level who can participants in the process of leading change. The result of the changes, of course will be benefit to the organization as a whole. Leadership ectation rganization performance dem Cross-Functional Teams When you get a clear strategy and communicate your priorities, its a pleasure working in Japan. The Japanese are so organized and know how to make the best of things. They respect leadership . Carlos Ghosn Even though Ghosn expected that his attitude toward cultural respect and opportunism would lead to success, Ghosn was pleasantly surprised by how quickly Nissan employees accepted and participated in the change of their m anagement processes. In his speech at Tuck school he mentioned that workers love stories, they want to understand the story they are in and the role they are playing, they want to see a happy ending-and they want to be part of that ending. Nissan employees were eager to prove themselves. In fact, he has credited all of the success in his programs and policies to the willingness of the Nissan employees at all levels to change their mindsets and embrace new ideas. Perhaps it was the way he started that set the foundation among the employees. Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 325,000 just like it! get better grades Carlos Ghosn was the first manager to actually walk around the entire company and meet every employee in person, shaking hands and introducing himself. In addition, Ghosn initiated long discussions with several hundred managers in order to discuss their ideas for turning Nissan around. This began to address the problems within the vertical layers of management by bringing the highest leader of the company in touch with some of the execution issues facing middle and lower management. It also sent a signal to other executives that they needed to be doing the same thing. But he did not stop there. After these interviews, he decided that the employees were quite energetic, as shown by their recommendations and opinions. With this in mind, Ghosn decided to develop a program for transformation which relied on the Nissan people to make recommendations, instead of hiring outside consultants. He began to organize Cross-Functional Teams to make decisions for radical changes in the company. Part of The Global Leadership Of Carlos Ghosn At Nissan In 1999, the Nissan was suffering under a decade of decline and unprofitability, in fact the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, with continuous loses for the past eight years resulting in debts of approx. $22 billion. Elements impacting Nissans performance prior to the global alliance with Renault Internal factors: Emphasis on short-term market share growth instead of a long term success strategy; Advanced engineering and technology, plant productivity, quality management. However, less attention was given to design and innovation, on the assumption that consumers were looking for quality and safety. This implies a lack of knowledge of the market, consumers changing tastes, and showed that Nissan management did not pay too much attention to what competition was doing. External factors: The devaluation of yen from 100 to 90 yen for a US dollar; Moodys and Standard Poorss rating agencies announced in 1999 that Nissan would be lowered from investment grade to junk unless it could not Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 325,000 just like it! get better grades get any financial support. Both formal and informal internal procedural Nissan norms, as well as Japanese cultural norms were holding the company back. Through keiretsu investments Nissan management believed would foster loyalty and cooperation between members of the value chain, hence they invested in real estate and suppliers companies. 4 billion US dollars were invested in stock shares of other companies as part of keiretsu philosophy. Nissan Company strategic alliance with French auto car manufacturer Renault was mutually beneficial for both companies, each of them expanding portfolio and becoming more competitive in the context of globalized mature automobile market. With Renault assuming a stake of 36. 8% at Nissan, the latter would retain its investment grade status. The alliance enabled Renault to penetrate and expand in international markets that it was looking for Asia and North America. In turn, Nissan would gain market share in South America.

buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay

buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay The fall of the Roman Empire was caused by different contradictions in the spheres of economical, political, and social life. The film casted in 1964 The fall of the Roman Empire depicts the reasons that caused the crash of the country and characterizes its leader. Dissolution of Rome was a result of inefficient political power and succession in the empire. It began with a wise, diplomatic emperor Marcus Aurelis who called various leaders and representatives of many nations that existed in the empire. Marcus was famous for a policy of the securing peace and prosperity among the nations. His adopted son Livius became an heir and successor. Marcus son Commodus got devastated by his fathers intention to make Livius his heir. However, Livius did not want to divide the power despite Marcus daughter efforts to convince him to claim the throne. Commodus became the Emperor after Marcus had been poisoned by conspirators. Commodus appointed Livius as a commander of all Roman armies. Commodus reigned in opposition to Marcus policy of assuring peace and freedom. That resulted to rebellion and defection within and outside the Roman borders. Commodus, declaring himself a God, killed anyone who represented a threat to him. The violence of the Emperor was one of the reasons that ruined Rome. Commodus considered his sister Lucilla being an enemy and declared, to burn her. The Emperor treated the eastern provinces and Armeniaaggressively that made him find support from Livius who was the commander of the Roman army. He demanded brutal retribution against rebellions, but Livius was against those actions as well as to kill his sister. Li vius intervened by slaying Commodus. This brave deed saved Lucilla as well as tried to stabilize the disintegrated empire. The film Henry V reflects the life of a young king of England. His first steps of running the country started with the war to France. King Henry assembled an army to invade France. The war proved Henry to be a strong king who had a moral conviction as a man. French army exceedingly outnumbered the British troops. Henry won the battle of Agincourt struggling aggressively. In preparation for the great battle of Agincourt, the king encouraged his troops with an aim to exacebrate mens spirit and give them confidence. King Henry ran the country successfully due to his administrative skills. Henrys policy, comparing to the manner of governing by the Roman Emperor, was not built on the base of violence. King Henry paid attention to the social life of the people and role of religion in Britain. The governors of the Roman Empire and England were the persons of principled moral conviction. Henry V was portrayed as a successful leader of his country. Commodus was depicted more aggressive and stronger. Both the leaders never gave up in their batttles. Their self drive, inner turmoil, and confidence led them to victory. The film portrayed the victory of Livius who killed Commodus and saved Lucilla. King Henry won the battle against France despite plural advantages of the French. The leaders had advisors and supporters during their battles. Livius got encouraged and supported by Lucilla who played a vital role. King Henry was advised and convinced by Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury that helped him to plan the war with the king of France. In addition, the church clergymen, Henrys advisors, Exeter and Westmoreland told him that they believed war was the only way to obtain his claim. Commodus and Henry used different methods to gain victory in the war. Commodus bribed senators and the army to go against the rebels, and he forced them to fight for him. King Henry commanded his captain to assemble an army that would later invade France. The governors combined the approaches of appealing violence and peaceful strategy. For instance, the Roman emperor, Marcus let his daughter get married with the King of Armenia which was a way of enhancing peace between him and Rome. Livius and Henry did not believe in war. It was the circumstances of repeated insults that triggered them enter into the war. King Charles son insulted King Henry. Later, Charles mocked at Henry. Commodus had declared to kill Lucilla, and his decision made Livius slay him. Buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay

Sometime in the future oil will become more expensive. investigate the Essay

Sometime in the future oil will become more expensive. investigate the effects of this on the market for oil and the market for - Essay Example Nations must now come to terms with the harsh reality that dependence on oil is as short-term solution and the other sources of renewable as well as green energy must be considered. Hubbert (1956) had predicted that the production of oil in America followed a bell shaped graph trend. He stipulated that the peak of oil production was to be attained in 1970 after which production will assume a downward trend. His prediction reigned despite sharp criticisms. He then predicted a global peak to be witnessed in the year 2000. Michael Lynch fronted that the production of oil must be closely tied to oil prices. He argued that Hubbert committed a mistake in assuming that geology is the motivating factor to the discovery, production and depletion of oil. He advocated for supply and demand as the key determinants in the oil industry. "To an economist, the drop in exploration reflects optimal behavior: they do not waste money exploring for something they will not use for decades.† he added . Factors that influence the price of oil. Economic growth is one of the key factors that affect oil prices. A steadfast economic growth will result in an increase in the demand for oil and its byproducts. It thus exhibits a direct relationship with the price of oil. Even as countries seek to experience a rapid economic growth, they need to focus on other sources of energy so that their increased demand for energy can be met adequately. Another factor according to Watson (1987) that affects the price of oil is the seasonal changes. It has been observed that during winter oil prices increases rapidly in Europe and the U.S.A due to the increased demand. Before the beginning of winter, consumers tend to buy excess of oil and its products due to fear of possible. However during summer, demand tends to decrease especially that of domestic use. Energy substitutes such as coal, natural gas and nuclear energy that can replace oil will also determine its price. If more alternative sources of energy are discovered, overreliance on oil will decline and the prices will tend to decline. Foreign exchange affects oil prices since oil is traded internationally and the U.S dollar is the main currency used. Therefore appreciation or depreciation of the local currencies against the U.S dollar will significantly affect the price of oil. When the dollar weakens, the prices of oil will escalate. Increase in oil prices will also lead to high export bill resulting in trade deficits and a further weakening of the dollar. Policies of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (O.P.E.C) also affect the demand and supply of oil. This further affects prices. Being one of the largest oil regulatory body, their actions will greatly affect production levels as well as international prices. Countries with high production capacity as well as high oil reserves have got high bargaining power in terms of prices. Causes of high oil prices. Instability in the Middle East is a key factor that has led to increase in oil prices. Middle East countries such as Iran, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates form major producers as well as exporters of oil. Iran has not had cordial relationship with the west especially the U.S.A. At times they have threatened to hoard their oil so as to frustrate them. A decline in the exportation of oil by these countries will create a serious shortage thus increasing the prices. Political unrest being witnessed in other oil producing counties in Africa has also affected greatly the production of oil thus resulting in an increase in prices. The recent political turmoil witnessed in Libya, led to a decline in the

The Ethical Behavior and Decision Making Within An Organization Essay

The Ethical Behavior and Decision Making Within An Organization - Essay Example In my earlier submission, I evinced allegiance to the utilitarian ethics as per which those actions are decisions are considered to be ethical that accrue maximal benefit to the maximum number of people, while allowing for the optimal and efficient utilization of resources. However, over this semester I realized that as my innate understanding of ethics evolved and matured, I concluded that no ethical dogma or principle happens to be a one size fit all dictums. The utilitarian ethics which profess to be sacrosanct in one particular situation may turn out to be problematic in some another mass situation. For instance, during Nazi Germany, the Jews were persecuted and killed because the regime of the time strongly believed that such actions intended to bring happiness to the majority of the Germans. However, in retrospect, nobody harbors the doubt that such actions were not only evil but a viable source of shame for the entire humanity. Such examples forced me to think as to what does it mean by being ethical? Is there a single ethical dogma that fits and suits all the situations? After much brain raking, I came to the conclusion that my idea of ethics stood to be more in consonance with the theory of situational ethics. Eventually what is right and what is wrong, what is ethical and what is unethical depends upon the nature of a particular situation. There exists nothing as universal ethics and each situation has its own ethical norms imminent to it. What is considered to be ethically right may be totally incongruent and inapplicable in a particular situation? Hence, while taking ethical decisions, a leader needs to be amply flexible and open-minded. This does not mean that such an approach must be pliable and open to manipulation. Yet, the ultimate ethical credentials of a leader ought to be dependent on one’s ability to opt for the nobler hypothesis amongst the available choices. For instance, if as a manager I fire an employee because one’s serv ices are not in tandem with the organizational expectations, it would be ethical. However, if I fire an employee because he has not been able to muster his best, as he has a wife suffering from cancer and he needs to take care of his two kids at home, it would be unethical. The nobler choice in this situation will be to extend the options and possibilities to that employee, which allows him to serve the organization while taking care of his domestic responsibilities. I also need to mention that the ethical values to which I owed allegiance to earlier, which are integrity, honesty, charity, and responsibility still stand to be more or less the same. However, the way I perceive and understand these values have indeed achieved much maturity and human consideration. For instance, the value of integrity requires an employee to safeguard organizational information and secrets. Yet, if the imperative of integrity makes a person to safeguard such organizational information, the withholding of which amounts to cheating the customers and shareholders, then safeguarding such information will be totally contrary to the value of integrity. The same stands to be true for the other three values.

Checkpoint ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses Assignment

Checkpoint ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses - Assignment Example It helps to understand the quantity of an item in the financial statement as a percentage of a whole and compare over a horizon of many years. Comparing current assets as percentage of total assets in year1 and year2 would be an example of vertical analysis. Horizontal analysis helps in analyzing the various items over a period of time either in absolute numbers or in percentage. Example, change in sales (+ or -) figures in year1 as compare to previous year. The current ratio shows that Pepsico is showing a decreasing trend from 1.28 in 2004 to 1.11 in 2005 (appendix). Coca-Cola is also showing a similar trend with the ratio at 1.10 in 2004 and 1.04 in 2005 (appendix). This shows that both the companies are increasing their short term financing. They can afford to do this at present as both companies have their current liabilities adequately covered. However, the trend could be alarming for their short term liquidity position in the future if it continues, especially for Coca-Cola which has almost equal amount of current assets covering the current liabilities ($1.04 for every $1 of current liability). Vertical analysis of Assets shows that for Pepsico current assets component of total assets has increased marginally in 2005 over the previous year (appendix). The current liabilities as percentage of total liabilities has increased drastically which shows that the company is financing more through short term obligations rather than long term debt. A further component analysis reveals a clearer picture. There has been a major increase in short term liabilities and taxes showing an increased short term financing for growing business (appendix). For coca-cola current liabilities have increased and assets decreased again showing increased short term financing (appendix). Horizontal analysis of Pepsico shows that there has been an increase in current assets and liabilities